|
Islam in
176 Hours
This material was obtained by
permission from Reading Islam and Dr. Jamal Badawi |
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I) Miracles in the Qur'an |
|
Introduction |
Preview of Contents (3)
 |
Where Does This Series Fit? (5)
|
|
Other
Names of the Qur’an
(5)
|
The Term “Qur’an” (5)
|
|
The
Prophet’s Role
(2)
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Difference
from Hadith
(5)
|
|
Comparison of Qur’an and Hadith (5)
|
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Source of the
Qur’an — I: Internal Evidence |
|
How to Determine Authorship of the Qur’an (3)
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Summary of the Last Program (2)
|
|
Style
of the Qur’an
(4)
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Internal
Evidence from the Qur’an
(5)
|
|
Prophet’s Statements about Authorship of the Qur’an
(6)
|
Negation of Human Authorship
(5)
|
|
Forms of Revelation (1)
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Meaning
of Revelation
(3)
|
|
Forms
Given to Muhammad
(1)
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Source of the Qur’an — II: Impossibility of Muhammad’s Authorship |
|
Muhammad Is Not the Author of the Qur’an (1)
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Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Worse-off Financially
(8)
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Was There a Personal Benefit to Muhammad?
(1)
|
|
Was
Muhammad in Pursuit of Power?
(6)
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Assets
at the Time of Death
(5)
|
|
Source of Qur’an —
III: Absence of Personal Motives |
|
Did Muhammad Seek Leadership? (6)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Fabrication Is Condemned by the Qur’an (7)
|
Could Muhammad Have Avoided Persecution?
(7)
|
|
Accusing the Prophet of Fabricating the Qur’an (3)
|
Muhammad
Was Known as “The Trustworthy”
(5)
|
|
Source of the Qur’an — IV: Epilepsy an Unscientific Explanation |
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The
Prophet’s Visions
(6)
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Summary of the Last Program (3)
|
|
Illusion (4)
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Basic Argument
(5)
|
|
Prophecies
in the Qur’an
(7)
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The Qur’an and History
(7)
|
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Source of the
Qur’an — V: Religious Illusions (1) |
|
Psychic Phenomena (2)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Revelation
and Other Prophets
(3)
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Epileptic Seizure
(7)
|
|
Types
of Epilepsy: Type 1
(3)
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Epilepsy
in Science
(3)
|
|
Types
of Epilepsy: Types 3 and 4
(4)
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Types
of Epilepsy: Type 2
(2)
|
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Did Prophet Muhammad Suffer from Epilepsy?
(5)
|
|
Source of Qur’an —
VI: Religious Illusions (2) |
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Prophecies about Specific Events (5)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
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Prophecies about Specific Persons (8)
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Prophecies
about Badr
(11)
|
|
Conclusions
about the Source of the Qur’an
(2)
|
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Source of the Qur’an — VII: Learning from Others |
|
Did
Muhammad Learn the Qur’an from Others?
(3)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
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Did
Muhammad Learn the Qur’an from a Roman Blacksmith?
(3)
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Non-Pagans in Makkah
(3)
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From Contact with Waraqah? (3)
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From Other Learned Persons? (2)
|
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Student
or Teacher?
(3)
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From
Ancient Teachers in Arabia?(3)
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The Logical Flaw (3)
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Travels outside Arabia (4)
|
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Source of the
Qur’an — VIII: Borrowing from the Bible (1) |
|
The
Question of Parallels
(6)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
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Is Comparison of the Qur’an and the Bible Appropriate? (1)
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Older Documents Are Not Always More Accurate
(3)
|
|
Synods
Did Not Define the Qur’an
(3)
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Major Differences
(7)
|
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The Qur’an Confirms Unadulterated Truth: Tawrah, Injeel, and the
Bible
(8)
|
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Source of the Qur’an — IX: Borrowing from the Bible (2) |
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Tawheed vs. Biblical Concepts (10)
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Summary of the Last Program
(3)
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Qur’anic Concepts (7)
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Power Struggle?
(5)
|
|
Prophet’s
Character
(4)
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Prophethood
and Prophets
(2)
|
|
The
Qur’an and Prophets
(2)
|
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Source of the
Qur’an — X: Borrowing from the Bible (3) |
|
Adam
and Eve in Both Books
(7)
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Summary of the Last Program
(3)
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Blood
Sacrifice in Islam
(6)
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Important Differences
(6)
|
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Other
Variations in Creed
(6)
|
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Source of the
Qur’an — XI: Borrowing from the Bible (4) |
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Explanation of Absence of Biblical Details in the Qur’an (8)
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Summary
of the Last Program
(6)
|
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Examples of Variations (2)
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Variations in Stories about Prophets
(6)
|
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Can Modern Sciences Verify the Qur’an? (1)
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Use of the Arabic Language
(3)
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|
The Qur’an and
Modern Sciences — I: Reservations |
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Should We Interpret the Qur’an with Modern Sciences? (1)
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Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
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Qur’anic
Exhortations
(6)
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A
Comment on These Objections
(5)
|
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Main
Areas of Comparison
(1)
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Maurice Bucaille’s Work
(4)
|
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Genealogy in Christianity and Islam (2)
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Creation
of the Universe
(4)
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Reaction to Bucaille’s Book (3)
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Genealogy
in the Bible Is Scientifically Inconceivable
(2)
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The Qur’an and
Modern Sciences — II |
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The Flood in the Bible (5)
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Summary of the Last Program
(1)
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The
Exodus
(6)
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The Flood in the Qur’an
(3)
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Creation of the Earth and the Universe (4)
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The Qur’an’s Story of Pharaoh’s Body
(3)
|
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Why
Do Stars Shine?
(2)
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Gaseous Origin of the Universe
(2)
|
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The Qur’an’s Version of the Origin of the Universe (3)
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The Qur’an and
Modern Sciences — III |
|
Interstellar Galactic Material (4)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(4)
|
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Sequence of Creation (6)
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Duration of Creation
(4)
|
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Expansion
of the Universe
(3)
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Equilibrium and Due Proportion
(3)
|
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Rotation
of Celestial Bodies
(3)
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The Seven Heavens
(3)
|
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The Qur’an and Modern Sciences — IV: Astronomy |
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Nature of Rotation (3)
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Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
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End of the Sun (3)
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Moon’s Reflection of Sunlight (3)
|
|
The
Qur’an on Earth’s Rotation
(3)
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Day-Night Cycle
(5)
|
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Are There Other Earths? (4)
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Easts and Wests in the Qur’an
(4)
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The Qur’an and Modern Sciences — V: The Water Cycle |
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Life on Other Planets (2)
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Summary of the Last Program
(3)
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The Qur’an on the Water Cycle (3)
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Role
of Water
(3)
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Condensation of Clouds and Rainfall (6)
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Discovery
of the Water Cycle
(5)
|
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The
Barrier between Fresh and Salt Water
(5)
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Artificial Rain
(1)
|
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The Qur’an and Modern Sciences — VI: Geology, Botany, and Zoology |
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Role of Mountains (3)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
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The Qur’an on Botany (5)
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The Shadow
(5)
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Animal Communities in the Qur’an (9)
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General
Aspects of Zoology
(2)
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Bees,
Spiders, and Ants
(3)
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|
The Qur’an and
Modern Sciences — VII: Human Reproduction (1) |
|
The Qur’an on Birds (4)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
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Human Reproduction in the Qur’an (4)
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Formation of Milk
(6)
|
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Formation
of Reproductive Organs
(4)
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Common Theories until the 18th Century
(5)
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Illustration (3)
|
|
The Qur’an and
Modern Sciences — VIII: Human Reproduction (2) |
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Changes in the Womb (6)
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Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
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Man’s Role (4)
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Beyond Pregnancy
(5)
|
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Woman’s “Water” (4)
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The “Mingled Liquid”
(3)
|
|
Behavior
of the Ovum
(4)
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The Fertilization Process
(4)
|
|
The Qur’an and
Modern Sciences — IX: Human Reproduction (3) |
|
Why Are There So Many Sperms? (4)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Sex Determination (3)
|
The
Nutfah (Drop)
(5)
|
|
Thousands
of Proteins
(3)
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Role of DNA
(3)
|
|
The Qur’an on Sex Determination (3)
|
Chromosomes and the Sex of the Baby
(6)
|
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The Qur’an and Modern Sciences — X: Human Reproduction (4) |
|
Cell
Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
(4)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
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The “Thing That Clings” (1)
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Embryonic
Stages: The “Firmly Established Lodge”
(5)
|
|
“Clinging” in Other Verses (2)
|
Villosities and Clinging
(3)
|
|
Proportionality
of the “Lump”
(2)
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The “Chewed Lump of Flesh”
(2)
|
|
What’s after the “Chewed Lump of Flesh”?
(8)
|
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The Qur’an and
Modern Sciences — XI: Human Reproduction (5) |
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The Three “Veils of Darkness” (3)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
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Comparison with Sight: The Soul (10)
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Formation
of Senses
(8)
|
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The
Main Conclusion
(1)
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Process of Childbirth
(5)
|
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Linguistic Miracles of the Qur’an — I: Perpetual Challenge |
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Relation
to Other Programs
(4)
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Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
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Golden
Age of Arabic
(2)
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Meaning of Linguistic Challenge
(3)
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Attempts
to Imitate
(3)
|
The
Qur’anic Presentation of the Challenge
(7)
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|
Historical Illustration (3)
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Pagans’
Fears of the “Magic” of the Qur’an
(4)
|
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Linguistic Miracles of the Qur’an — II: Beyond Human Capacity |
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Challenging
the Qur’an
(3)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
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Exact
Style of Similarity
(3)
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Miracles of the Qur’an
(4)
|
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Are the Styles of the Qur’an and Hadith Different? (2)
|
Is the Style of Hadith a Miracle?
(2)
|
|
Secrets
of the Qur’an
(5)
|
Difference Is Great
(3)
|
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Why Was the Qur’an Compared with Poetry? (3)
|
The Qur’an Is Not Poetry
(2)
|
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Linguistic Miracles of the Qur’an — III: Unique Characteristics |
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Precision and Comprehensiveness (4)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
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Reason and Emotion (3)
|
Addresses All Levels (3)
|
|
Discovery of New Meanings (3)
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Legal
Matters
(5)
|
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Complementary
(3)
|
|
Linguistic
Miracles of the Qur’an — IV: Specific Examples |
|
No
Redundant Letters
(5)
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Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
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No Redundant Words (6)
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Another Example
(6)
|
|
Reversal
in Order of Words
(3)
|
Synonyms
(6)
|
|
Linguistic Miracles of the Qur’an — V: The Flow of Meanings |
|
Apparent Lack of Symmetry and Connection (3)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(4)
|
|
Need
for Micro and Macro Approach
(3)
|
The Qur’an’s Own Context
(4)
|
|
Timing of Revelation (5)
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Examples (8)
|
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Other Examples (2)
|
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Did the Qur’an
Exist before Its Revelation? — I |
|
Proof
of Divine Source
(5)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
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Specific
Applications
(14)
|
Proof of Divine Source
(8)
|
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Did the Qur’an Exist before Its Revelation? — II |
|
Further
Examples
(4)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(4)
|
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The Situation in Makkah and Madinah (17)
|
Some
Additional Examples
(3)
|
|
Did the Qur’an
Exist before Its Revelation? — III |
|
Conclusion
(26)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
Contents of the
Qur’an: Manifestation of Its Source |
|
Tawheed:
Unique and Sublime
(7)
|
Relation to Previous Programs
(2)
|
|
The
Human and the Universe
(5)
|
Prophethood and Revelation
(4)
|
|
Social, Economic, and Political Aspects (3)
|
The
Moral Aspect
(9)
|
|
Preservation by Memorization |
|
Authenticity: Meaning and Importance (3)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Unique and Explicit Promise (3)
|
Internal Evidence of the Preservation of the Qur’an
(3)
|
|
Corroborating Evidence of Memorization (4)
|
Evidence of Promise to Preserve by Memorization
(3)
|
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Factors That Enhanced Memorization
(4)
|
|
Early Manuscript |
|
More Evidence of Memorization (3)
|
Summary of the Last Program (2)
|
|
Internal Evidence of Preservation in Writing (4)
|
Was
Writing Known in the Prophet’s Time?
(1)
|
|
Early Writing during the Prophet’s Time (2)
|
Confusion between Writing and Compiling
(4)
|
|
Scribes of Revelation (3)
|
Other
Historical Evidence of Writing
(8)
|
|
Compilation of
Existing Manuscripts |
|
Writing
and Compilation
(3)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
Abu Bakr’s Reaction (2)
|
Reasons
for `Umar’s Compilation Proposal
(2)
|
|
Zayd’s
Method of Compilation
(6)
|
Why
Was Zayd Chosen?
(5)
|
|
The First Original Complete Manuscript (6)
|
Where Was the First Manuscript Kept?
(2)
|
|
Copies: `Uthman’s Time |
|
Where
Were the Copies Sent?
(6)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
The
Seven Modes of Expression
(3)
|
Were
There Different Qur’ans?
(4)
|
|
Various
Interpretations of the Modes of Expression
(6)
|
Who Sanctioned These Modes?
(6)
|
|
Support of `Uthman’s
Decision |
|
Did
the Modes of Expression Exist in Written Forms?
(2)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
Why
Were Non-Scrutinized Writings Burned?
(5)
|
Minor Differences between Modes
(1)
|
|
`Uthman’s Action Did Not Suppress Evidence (4)
|
Conformism Does Not Explain the Unanimous Support of `Uthman
(4)
|
|
Modes
of Expression and Hadith
(4)
|
Examples
of Variant Modes
(6)
|
|
Nothing Lost or
Dropped |
|
Was
Any Passage Forgotten before Its Promulgation?
(1)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(1)
|
|
Did
the Qur’an Refer to That?
(4)
|
Forgetfulness after Promulgation
(4)
|
|
Other
References
(4)
|
Further Evidence from the Qur’an
(2)
|
|
Right of `Ali (5)
|
Implication of the Unlikely Interpretation (2)
|
|
`Ali’s
Support of `Uthman
(2)
|
|
Claims in Al-Kafi |
|
What Is Al-Kafi? (2)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
Was
`Ali the Only Compiler of the Entire Qur’an?
(2)
|
The Myth of Fatimah’s Mushaf (Copy of the Qur’an)
(5)
|
|
Myth of the Surah on Wilayah (5)
|
Other Claims
(5)
|
|
Duty of Contemporary Shiite Leaders (1)
|
Myths
between Rejection and Acceptance by Shiites
(4)
|
|
Piecemeal Revelation of the Qur’an |
|
Internal Evidence of Gradual Revelation (2)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(5)
|
|
Implied
Analytical Evidence
(2)
|
Terms to Denote Gradual Revelation
(7)
|
|
Why
Was the Qur’an Not Revealed at Once?
(11)
|
|
Arrangement of the
Qur’an |
|
How Is the Qur’an Divided? (5)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(4)
|
|
Order of Surahs and Sequence of Revelation (3)
|
Comparison
with the Bible
(5)
|
|
Early
Literature on Arrangement
(3)
|
Dawood’s Translation of the Qur’an
(4)
|
|
Ubbay
Ibn Ka`b’s “Collection”
(2)
|
`Ali’s “Private Collection”
(2)
|
|
Bases of Arrangement |
|
Arrangement by Length of Surahs (3)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(4)
|
|
Haphazard
Arrangement
(3)
|
Arrangement
by Topic
(1)
|
|
Order
of Verses
(2)
|
Rejection of the Haphazard Explanation
(1)
|
|
Who
Instructed the Prophet?
(4)
|
Arrangement according to Prophet’s Instructions
(3)
|
|
Opinions on the Order of Surahs
(5)
|
|
Discussion of
Objection |
|
Order
of Surahs 8 and 9
(5)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Objection
Originating during the Dark Ages
(3)
|
No
Theological Implication
(5)
|
|
Rodwell’s “Proof” (4)
|
Did the Arrangement Evolve over Time?
(7)
|
|
The Flow of Meaning and Style
(3)
|
|
Connection between
Surahs — I |
|
The Opening Surah in the Qur’an (4)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Connections between Surahs 1 and 2 (4)
|
Arrangement
of Surahs and the Divine Wisdom
(7)
|
|
Surahs
2, 3, 4, and 5
(2)
|
Surahs
2 and 3
(7)
|
|
Connection between
Surahs — II |
|
As-Suyuti’s Explanation of Connections between Surahs 1 – 9 (7)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Examples of Short Surahs (105 – 114) (6)
|
Opinions
on Topical Connections between Surahs
(12)
|
|
Connection between Surahs — III |
|
Harmony
of Beginnings and Endings of Cognate Surahs
(1)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(1)
|
|
An Attempt to Extend As-Suyuti’s Work (7)
|
Did
As-Suyuti Examine All of the Qur’an?
(2)
|
|
Surahs 21 – 26 (7)
|
Surahs 10 – 20
(7)
|
|
Miraculous
Aspects in the Qur’an (Surahs 1 – 30)
(2)
|
|
Connection between Surahs — IV |
|
Possible Connections (Surahs 31 – 40) (9)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Beginning and End of the Same Surah (Surahs 41 – 60 (18)
|
|
Connection between Surahs — V |
|
Connection of Subject Matter (Surahs 71 – 80) (12)
|
Beginning and End of the Same Surah (Surahs 61 – 70)
(9)
|
|
Frequency of Surahs Dealing with Certain Topics
(8)
|
|
Connection between Surahs — VI |
|
Surahs 94 – 114 (12)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(6)
|
|
Why Is the Reference by Name Not by Number? (5)
|
Wrap-Up of the Issue of Arrangement
(5)
|
|
Translations of
the Qur’an — I |
|
How
Did Translations Develop?
(8)
|
The Term “Translation” and Its Types (5)
|
|
Examples of Translation Problems (8)
|
Unique Problems in Translating the Qur’an
(5)
|
|
Background of Translators and Its Effect
(2)
|
|
Translations of
the Qur’an — II |
|
Examples of Background Bias (7)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Other
Errors
(9)
|
Errors Due to Similarity between Arabic and Semitic (5)
|
|
Some Errors Contradict the Basics of Islam (4)
|
How
Serious Are These Errors?
(2)
|
|
Translations of
the Qur’an — III |
|
Prophet Noah (3)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
On
Mediation
(8)
|
Definition of the Word “Islam”
(6)
|
|
Other Lingering Errors
(9)
|
|
Qur’anic Sciences: Introduction |
|
Early Developments (5)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Qur’anic Sciences and Biblical High Criticism (7)
|
Arthur
Jeffrey’s Claim
(6)
|
|
The General Concept (2)
|
Main Topics in Qur’anic Sciences (3)
|
|
Unique Aspects about the Qur’an
(3)
|
|
Reasons for
Revelations |
|
Importance
of Understanding the Qur’an Correctly
(5)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Verification Methods (2)
|
Scope of the Reasons of Revelation
(3)
|
|
Apparent Inconsistency of Reports (4)
|
Multiple
Revelation with the Same Reason
(6)
|
|
Apparent Discontinuity of Subject Matter (4)
|
Reasons and Continuity of Subject Matter (2)
|
|
Makki and Madani
Revelations |
|
More
on the Connections between Topics
(6)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
Examples
(2)
|
Application of the Qur’an in All Conditions
(2)
|
|
Importance of Makki/Madani Distinction (3)
|
Why Are Some Revelations Tied to Specific Events and Times?
(3)
|
|
Areas
of Research
(1)
|
Criteria for Distinction
(3)
|
|
Specific Examples of Research
(4)
|
|
Criteria for
Classification |
|
Authenticated Reports: A Crucial Source (4)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
Analytical
Criteria in Classification
(7)
|
Judgment
as an Element: Examples
(9)
|
|
An Example (4)
|
|
Sub-classifications of Periods |
|
An-Nisaburi’s
Work
(1)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Middle
Makkan Period
(5)
|
Early Makkan Period
(5)
|
|
Madinian Period (3)
|
Later Makkan Period
(10)
|
|
Examples of the Sub-periods
(3)
|
|
Naskh
(Abrogation) — I |
|
Makki and Madani Revelations (5)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(1)
|
|
The English Equivalent (5)
|
Relevance to Interpretation
(7)
|
|
Replacement
or Delay
(4)
|
Context
of the Passage
(6)
|
|
Naskh
(Abrogation) — II |
|
Implicit References to Naskh in the Qur’an (7)
|
Summary of the Last Program (3)
|
|
Two
Extremes
(4)
|
Development of Opinions on Naskh
(2)
|
|
Methodology
of Studying These Historical Reports
(4)
|
Reservation on Some Reports
(3)
|
|
Specific Examples
(5)
|
|
Naskh
(Abrogation) — III |
|
Acceptable
Category
(2)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
Another
Extreme View
(5)
|
Examples
(9)
|
|
Number
of Verses in This Category
(4)
|
Acceptable Explanation
(5)
|
|
Naskh
(Abrogation) — IV |
|
No
Suppression in the Matter of Belief
(2)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(3)
|
|
The
Story Was Later Fabricated by Az-Zanadeqah
(7)
|
The
Myth of Al-Gharaneeq (Five Idols)
(4)
|
|
No
Other Passage in the Qur’an Confirms This Story
(5)
|
The Story Does Not Fit within the Context of the Qur’an
(7)
|
|
Tafseer
(Interpretation) — I |
|
H. G. Wells’s “Compound Error” (3)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Evolution
of Tafseer
(5)
|
Sunnah and Naskh
(3)
|
|
Acceptable Tafseer by Ar-Ra’i (Opinion) (5)
|
At-Tabari’s
Methodology: Al-Ma’thur (by Traditions)
(3)
|
|
Can Anybody Interpret the Qur’an? (3)
|
The Unacceptable Category (3)
|
|
Tafseer
(Interpretation) — II |
|
Qualifications
of Interpreters
(5)
|
Summary of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Al-Muhkam and Al-Mutashabih (3)
|
Why
Do Qualified Interpreters Differ?
(2)
|
|
Examples (4)
|
Main
Definitions
(5)
|
|
Alphabetical Letters at the Beginning of Some Surahs (1)
|
Al-Mutashabih and the Clarity of the Qur’an
(2)
|
|
Major
Explanations
(3)
|
|
Script and Recitation |
|
Ancient
versus Modern Script
(6)
|
Summary
of the Last Program
(2)
|
|
Reasons for Adding These Symbols (1)
|
Vowel Symbols and Dots Were Not Needed in Early Days
(2)
|
|
Printing in English (2)
|
Developments in the Use of Dots and Vowel Symbols (3)
|
|
Bases of Qira’at and the Criteria for Their Acceptability (2)
|
Modes
of Recitation (Qira’at)
(3)
|
|
Conclusion
(3)
|
Uses of Other Languages in the Qur’an
(2)
|
|
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